企业有哪些章？各自用途是什么？ What chapters does the company have?What is their purpose?

一般的企业主要有4枚印章，分别是公章、财务专用章、法定代表人私章、发票专用章。这些印章都需要根据地方政府的相关规定到公安局和开户银行备案或预留印鉴。

A general enterprise mainly has 4 seals, which are the official seal, the special financial seal, the private seal of the legal representative, and the invoice seal. These seals need to be filed or reserved at the Public Security Bureau and the bank that opened the account in accordance with the relevant regulations of the local government.

公章是公司效力最大的一枚章，是法人权利的象征，代表公司的意志，用于对外签订合同及其他法律文件；财务专用章通常与银行打交道时使用；法定代表人私章通常在合同签署、企业基本户开户等场合代替签字；发票专用章是开具发票时加盖。

The official seal is the company’s most effective seal, a symbol of the rights of a legal person, and represents the company’s will, and is used to sign contracts and other legal documents; the financial seal is usually used when dealing with banks; the private seal of the legal representative is usually signed in the contract , Enterprise basic account opening and other occasions instead of signing; the special invoice seal is stamped when the invoice is issued.

印章管理常见的6个漏洞 6 common vulnerabilities in seal management

印章在管理使用上有哪些风险？我们今天列出印章使用中的6个漏洞：

What are the risks of seal management and use? Today we list 6 vulnerabilities in the use of seals:

• 漏洞1：管理不当（Mismanagement）

在没有健全的《印章管理制度》的企业中，印章管理人处于人情关系，未经企业负责人的许可，随意向他人出具盖有印章的空白合同或介绍信，或者将印章借于他人使用而不问具体用途。

In enterprises without a sound "seal management system", the seal manager is in a human relationship, without the permission of the person in charge of the enterprise, freely issuing a blank contract or letter of introduction with a seal to others, or lending the seal to others.

当出现纠纷需要企业承担责任时，企业才意识到印章管理问题的严重性，而借用印章的人通常为了方便交易或者转嫁责任，以印章所属企业的名义签订合同或者为他人提供担保。一旦形成诉讼，企业就不得不承担相应的责任。

When a dispute arises and requires the enterprise to take responsibility, the enterprise realizes the seriousness of the seal management problem, and the person who borrows the seal usually signs a contract in the name of the enterprise to which the seal belongs or provides guarantees for others in order to facilitate transactions or transfer responsibilities. Once a lawsuit is formed, the company has to bear corresponding responsibilities.

• 漏洞2：企业内部自行刻制印章（The department engraves its own seal）

以建筑企业为例，由于建筑施工企业项目众多，而且项目所在地比较分散，在没有设立分公司的情况下，企业一般会成立项目部来负责项目的施工，部分项目部为了交易方便，在没有征得企业同意的情况下，便刻制了项目部印章，并且在债务担保、劳动用工、设备买卖当中广泛使用。

Taking construction companies as an example, due to the large number of construction companies’ projects and the scattered locations of the projects, companies generally set up a project department to take charge of the With the consent of the company, the seal of the project department was engraved and it was widely used in debt guarantees, labor employment, and equipment sales.

而企业为了交易方便，往往采取默认的态度，项目部的印章虽然不是企业印章，但很容易使合同的相对人相信它可以代表企业，那么一旦构成表见代理，由此引发的法律后果仍然要企业承担相应的责任。

In order to facilitate transactions, companies often adopt a default attitude. Although the seal of the project department is not a corporate seal, it is easy to convince the counterparty of the contract that it can represent the enterprise. Once it constitutes an apparent agency, the legal consequences arising therefrom still have to be Enterprises bear corresponding responsibilities.

所谓表见代理，是指被代理人的行为足以使第三人相信无权代理人具有代理权，并给予这种信赖而与无权代理人实施法律行为的代理。

The so-called apparent agency refers to the agent whose behavior is sufficient to make the third party believe that the unauthorized agent has the power of agency, and grants such trust to perform legal actions with the unauthorized agent.

• 漏洞3：新旧印章交替时引发纠纷（Disputes arise when the old and new seals are replaced）

企业改制或者名称变更之后，就需要重新刻制印章。

After the enterprise is restructured or the name is changed, it is necessary to re-engrave the seal.

企业虽然刻制了新的印章，但由于银行账户预留印鉴、工程项目尚未竣工结算、合同尚未履行完毕等原因，仍然沿用了旧印章造成了过渡时期新旧印章交替使用，给企业的正常经营管理造成了巨大的风险。

Although the company has engraved a new seal, it still uses the old seal to cause risks due to the bank account reserved seal, the project has not yet been completed and settled, and the contract has not been fulfilled.

• 漏洞4：企业高管或股东非法占用印章（Executives illegally occupy the seal）

企业部分高管人员或股东非法占有公司的印章不还，严重影响了公司的正常经营而引发的纠纷屡见不鲜。

It is not uncommon for some corporate executives or shareholders to illegally occupy the companys seal and fail to return it, which seriously affects the companys normal operation and causes disputes.

如果经企业权力机构决议，高管或股东拒绝交出印章的，企业可以向法院提出诉讼，要求占有人交出公司印章。公司甚至可以向法院申请先予执行。

If the company’s authority decides that the executives or shareholders refuse to hand over the seal, the company can file a lawsuit in the court to require the possessor to hand over the company seal. The company can even apply to the court for pre-enforcement.

所谓先予执行，是指人民法院在受理案件后、终审判决作出之前，根据一方当事人的申请，裁定对方当事人向申请一方当事人给付一定数额的金钱或其他财物，或者实施或停止某种行为，并立即付诸执行的一种程序。

The so-called pre-execution means that the peoples court, after accepting the case and before the final judgment is made, ruled that the other party should pay a certain amount of money or other property to the party applying for, or carry out or stop certain acts, and A procedure that is executed immediately.

• 漏洞5：印章被伪造（The seal is forged）

我们来看一个伪造印章案例。2013年7月，福建男子林某私刻了福建某装潢公司陕西分公司的公章及财务专员章，并以该分公司的名义与多个公司签订了承揽西安某医院外墙装修工程的三方协议。

Lets look at a case of forged seals. In July 2013, a Fujian man named Lin privately engraved the official seal and financial commissioner seal of the Shaanxi branch of a Fujian installation company, and signed a tripartite contract with a number of companies for the exterior wall decoration project of a hospital in Xi’an in the name of the branch.

李某在协议及收款收据上分别加盖了私刻的公章及财务专员章并进行了相关的结算工作，后来发包方以建设工程施工合同纠纷为由，被福建装房公司及陕西分公司提起了民事诉讼，那么这时候装房公司一查才发现他们并没有签订相关的装修合同，随即向公安机关报案，2016年4月，李某被公安机关抓获归案，经过鉴定，本案设计的公章及财务专案章均是伪造。

Mr. Li affixed his privately engraved official seal and financial commissioner’s seal on the agreement and the receipt of payment, and carried out related settlement work. Later, the sender was pided by Fujian Real Estate Company and Shaanxi Province on the grounds of construction contract disputes. The company filed a civil lawsuit. At this time, the installation company found that they had not signed the relevant decoration contract, and immediately reported to the public security organ. In April 2016, Li was arrested by the public security organ and brought to justice. After verification, the case was designed Both the official seal and the financial project seal are forged.

最后，经过法院审理认为被告人林某伪造公司印章2枚，已经构成了伪造公司印章罪并一审判处其有期徒刑10个月。

In the end, the court found that the defendant Lin had forged 2 company seals, which constituted the crime of forging the company seal and was sentenced to 10 months in prison in the first instance.

公司应该怎么管理印章？ How should the seal be managed?

对于印章的管理，我有4条建议：

For seal management, I have 4 suggestions:

第一，就是企业印章必须由企业统一刻制。并且明确印章审批人和印章保管人，形成专人负责制，避免公司印章由多人多头保管。

The first is that the company seal must be uniformly engraved by the company, and the seal approver and seal custodian must be clearly defined, and a special person responsible system should be formed to avoid the companys seal being kept by multiple people.

第二，企业印章使用流程应当实行登记审批制。印章管理人对印章的使用必须要查看《印章申请表》上是否有审批人的签字，如果没有签字，应当予以拒绝使用。在特殊情况下，可以在征得审批人口头同意先盖章然后再补签字。

Second, the process of using corporate seals should implement a registration approval system. The seal manager must check whether there is an approver’s signature on the "Seal Application Form" for the use of the seal. If there is no signature, it should be rejected. Under special circumstances, it can be stamped and then signed after obtaining the approval of the approval.

第三，企业印章的刻制下发、使用、回收和销毁都应当登记备案，印章管理人发生变更的应当在监督下办理交接手续。

Third, the engraving, issuance, use, recycling and destruction of enterprise seals should be registered and filed. If the seal manager changes, the handover procedures should be handled under supervision.

第四，企业应当建立完善的规章制度。对违反印章管理规定的员工给予处罚，尤其对于违规私刻印章，或者违规用章的，企业有权根据情节的轻重予以警告、罚款、解除劳务合同等处分。如果情节特别严重的，企业应当积极维护自己的合法权益，追究责任人的民事责任，甚至刑事责任。

Fourth, enterprises should establish complete rules and regulations to impose penalties on employees who violate seal management regulations, especially for those who engrave seals privately or use seals in violation of regulations, enterprises have the right to give warnings, fines, and terminate labor contracts according to the severity of the circumstances. Sanction. If the circumstances are particularly serious, the enterprise should actively safeguard its own legal rights and interests, and pursue the civil liability and even criminal liability of the responsible person.

遭遇印章被伪造的处理方式 How to deal with the forged seal

第一，要尽快通知债权债务人。

First, notify the creditor and debtor as soon as possible.

如果企业发现自己的印章被伪造了，应当尽快通知已经签订合同的相对方，避免对方基于“萝卜章”的信赖而继续履行合同，也可以进一步避免损失的扩大。

If an enterprise finds that its seal has been forged, it should notify the counterparty that has signed the contract as soon as possible to avoid the counterpartys continued performance of the contract based on the trust of the "radish seal", which can further avoid the expansion of losses.

第二，要及时报案。

Second, report the case in time.

一方面可以通过公安机关的介入，尽快查明事实控制风险；另一方面，伪造行为被认定为犯罪，还可以帮助被伪造印章的企业撇清过错，反驳相对方的表见代理的主张。

On the one hand, the public security organs can intervene to ascertain the facts and control risks as soon as possible; on the other hand, the forgery can be found as a crime, and it can also help companies whose seals are forged to clarify their faults and refute the opposite party’s claims of apparent agency.

第三，申请更换印章。

Third, apply for a replacement seal.

如果被伪造的印章已经被多次使用，或者被伪造的印章没有得到有效控制，有继续使用的可能性，企业应当向主管部门申请更换印章。那么印文应要明显区别于原印章，并且登报声明原印章作废。

If the forged seal has been used many times, or the forged seal has not been effectively controlled, and there is a possibility of continued use, the enterprise should apply to the competent authority for a replacement seal. Then the seal should be clearly different from the original seal, and the original seal should be declared invalid.

在中国经商，必须要知道各种印章的用途，制定完善的《印章管理规定》，妥善地保管好印章，以免因为印章的误用而导致法律责任和经济赔偿。我们今天罗列了5个常见的印章管理漏洞，并对印章遭遇伪造等特殊情况，分析了应对措施。

To do business in China, you must know the purpose of various seals, formulate comprehensive "Seal Management Regulations", and properly keep the seals to avoid legal liability and economic compensation due to the misuse of the seals. Today we have listed 5 common seal management loopholes, and analyzed countermeasures for special circumstances such as forgery of seals.