企业的性质背景知识及相关思考(企业文化的本质特征包括实践性吗)

本文我们将为大家从AS阶段的Business and its environment开始讲解相关重要的知识点。

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企业及其环境 Business and its environment

商业的基础是了解企业内部发生的事情。在 AS Level 中，考生可以了解企业是什么、想要实现什么以及参与其中的人。考生开发词汇以了解企业的运作方式，并学习如何分析企业的运作方式。任何时候业务都是不同的，了解其背景对于了解其做出的决策和相关人员的动机很重要。

企业

Enterprise

1 The nature of business activity 商业活动的性质

• the purpose of business activity

• the factors of production needed for business activity: land, labour, capital and enterprise

• the concept of adding value

• the nature of economic activity, the problem of choice and opportunity cost

• the dynamic business environment

• why businesses succeed or fail

• differences between local, national, international and multinational businesses

• 商业活动的目的

• 商业活动所需的生产要素：土地、劳动力、资本和企业

• 增值的概念

• 经济活动的性质、选择问题和机会成本

• 动态的商业环境

• 企业成功或失败的原因

• 地方、国家、国际和跨国企业之间的差异

2 The role of entrepreneurs and intrapreneurs 企业家和内部企业家的作用

• the qualities entrepreneurs and intrapreneurs need for success

• the role of entrepreneurship in creating and starting up a business

• the role of intrapreneurship in the ongoing success of a business

• barriers to entrepreneurship

• business risk and uncertainty

• the role of business enterprise in the development of a country

• 企业家和内部企业家成功所需的品质

• 企业家精神在创建和创业中的作用

• 内部创业在企业持续成功中的作用

• 创业障碍

• 业务风险和不确定性

• 企业在国家发展中的作用

3 Business plans 商业计划

• the meaning and purpose of business plans

• the key elements of business plans

• the benefits and limitations of business plans

• 商业计划的意义和目的

• 商业计划的关键要素

• 商业计划的好处和局限

业务结构

Business structure

1 Economic sectors 经济部门

• the primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary sectors and businesses within those sectors

• the public and private sectors and businesses within those sectors

• the reasons for and consequences of the changing relative importance of these sectors

• 第一、第二、第三和第四产业以及这些产业中的企业

• 公共和私营部门以及这些部门内的企业

• 这些部门相对重要性不断变化的原因和后果

2 Business ownership 企业所有权

• the main features of different types of business ownership: sole traders, partnerships, private limited companies, public limited companies, franchises, co-operatives, joint ventures and social enterprises

• the appropriateness of different types of business ownership

• the concepts of unlimited liability and limited liability and their importance

• the advantages and disadvantages of changing from one type of business ownership to another

• 不同类型企业所有权的主要特征：个体经营者、合伙企业、私人有限公司、公共有限公司、特许经营、合作社、合资企业和社会企业

• 不同类型企业所有权的适当性

• 无限责任和有限责任的概念及其重要性

• 从一种企业所有权类型转变为另一种企业所有权的优点和缺点

业务规模

Size of business

1 Measurements of business size 企业规模的衡量

• the appropriateness of different methods of measuring the size of a business

• 衡量企业规模的不同方法的适当性

2 Significance of small businesses 小企业的意义

• the advantages and disadvantages of being a small business

• the strengths and weaknesses of family businesses

• the importance of small businesses and their role in the economy

• the role of small businesses as part of the industrial structure in some industries

• 作为小企业的优势和劣势

• 家族企业的优势和劣势

• 小企业的重要性及其在经济中的作用

• 小企业在某些行业中作为产业结构一部分的作用

3 Business growth 业务增长

• why and how a business might grow internally (organic growth)

• the different types of external growth through merger and takeover: horizontal, vertical (backward and forward), conglomerate persification, friendly merger, hostile takeover

• the impact of a merger/takeover on stakeholders

• why a merger/takeover may or may not achieve objectives

• the importance of joint ventures and strategic alliances as methods of external growth

• 企业内部增长的原因和方式（有机增长）

• 通过兼并和收购实现不同类型的外部增长：横向、纵向（向后和向前）、集团多元化、友好合并、敌意收购

• 合并/收购对利益相关者的影响

• 为什么合并/收购可能会或可能不会实现目标

• 合资企业和战略联盟作为外部增长方式的重要性

业务目标

Business objectives

1 Business objectives in the private sector and public sector 私营部门和公共部门的业务目标

• the objectives of businesses – private sector, public sector, and social enterprises

• the importance of business objectives

• corporate social responsibility (CSR) and the triple bottom line – economic (financial), social and

environmental objectives

• the relationship between mission statement, aims, objectives, strategy and tactics

• 企业的目标——私营部门、公共部门和社会企业

• 业务目标的重要性

• 企业社会责任 (CSR) 和三重底线——经济（财务）、社会和

环境目标

• 使命宣言、目的、目标、战略和战术之间的关系

2 Objectives and business decisions 目标和业务决策

• the different stages of business decision-making and the role of objectives in the stages of business decision-making

• how objectives might change over time

• the translation of objectives into targets and budgets

• the need for communication of objectives and their likely impact on the workforce

• SMART (specific, measurable, achievable, realistic, time-limited) objectives

• how ethics may influence business objectives and activities

• 业务决策的不同阶段以及目标在业务决策阶段的作用

• 目标如何随时间变化

• 将目标转化为目标和预算

• 需要沟通目标及其对劳动力的可能影响

• SMART（具体的、可衡量的、可实现的、现实的、有时间限制的）目标

• 道德如何影响业务目标和活动

企业利益相关者

Stakeholders in a business

1 Business stakeholders 业务利益相关者

• inpiduals or groups with an interest in the activities of a business

• internal stakeholders and external stakeholders

• the roles, rights and responsibilities of stakeholders

• 对企业活动感兴趣的个人或团体

• 内部利益相关者和外部利益相关者

• 利益相关者的角色、权利和责任

2 The relative importance and influence of stakeholders on business activities 利益相关者对业务活动的相对重要性和影响

• the impact of business decisions on stakeholders, and their reactions

• the impact of stakeholder aims on business decisions

• how and why a business needs to be accountable to its stakeholders

• how conflict might arise from stakeholders having different aims and objectives

• how changing business objectives might affect its stakeholders

• 业务决策对利益相关者的影响，以及他们的反应

• 利益相关者目标对业务决策的影响

• 企业如何以及为何需要对其利益相关者负责

• 利益相关者如何产生不同的目的和目标的冲突

• 不断变化的业务目标可能如何影响其利益相关者