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肥胖是心脑血管疾病、糖尿病等一系列疾病的危险因素,为个人健康、家庭和社会带来沉重负担,通过医学减重可极大改善上述不良影响。研究证实,β-羟基-β-甲基丁酸盐能够通过上调合成代谢信号通路和下调分解代谢信号通路而刺激蛋白质合成,发挥肌肉保护作用,可用于持续性减脂、瘦体重的保持和提高。本文重点阐述β-羟基-β-甲基丁酸盐在减重治疗,尤其是在肌肉减少性肥胖人群中的应用及其研究进展。




1 补充β-羟基-β-甲基丁酸有利于保存肌肉


Darryn Willoughby,Susan Hewlings和Douglas Kalman比较了目前较主流的减重饮食策略对于身体成分改变的影响,大多数都包括限制能量和特定宏量营养素的摄入量,包含极低能量饮食法、生酮饮食法、高蛋白饮食法、高纤维饮食法,结果显示应用上述方法的受试者在体重降低的同时均伴有瘦体重的减轻。同时,一些研究中应用的营养强化剂有改善身体成分的作用,近年来已经逐渐进入人们的视野。


β-羟基-β-甲基丁酸(β-hydroxy-β-methyl­but­yr­a­te,HMB)是亮氨酸的活性代谢产物,在体内有5%~10%的亮氨酸转化为HMB,具有促进肌肉蛋白合成代谢的效果。HMB被认为具有增加肌肉质量和减少运动损伤的效果而被广泛用于健身中。目前,HMB单独和作为营养强化剂与其他营养物质联合应用已被用于治疗肌肉消耗。大多数病理情况下,如严重创伤、慢性阻塞性肺疾病、肿瘤恶病质、艾滋病等,补充HMB均可预防肌肉消耗。但HMB在肌肉减少性肥胖中的应用仍缺乏临床证据[9]。


2 β-羟基-β-甲基丁酸的代谢过程和作用机制


补充HMB增加肌肉质量和肌肉重量的生理机制主要是通过上调合成代谢信号通路和下调分解代谢信号通路刺激蛋白质合成[10]。研究表明,HMB通过mTOR刺激蛋白合成[11],通过泛素-蛋白酶体和自噬-溶酶体途径减少蛋白水解[12-14]。最近的证据表明HMB能通过调节PPARβ/δ和CDK4通路促进线粒体生物合成[15]和脂肪氧化[16]。在动物实验中,HMB作为补充剂可以促进脂质代谢,导致脂肪组织减少[17]。HMB还可以通过调节肠道微生物和代谢逆转高脂饮食导致的肥胖和胰岛素抵抗,这一作用可通过调节肠道微生物和丙酸产生,但尚缺乏临床研究证据[18]。


HMB在减重和预防年龄相关的肌肉减少中的研究和应用目前已相当广泛,但仍存在诸多争议,这可能与受试者参与研究前的运动状况、研究中的运动强度和HMB补充方法等有关。在关于HMB作为饮食强化剂的多项研究中,大部分都是在包括锻炼尤其是力量训练的情况下进行的[19-22]。也有少量研究针对久坐(即缺乏锻炼)或慢性病(主要是癌症)患者[23,24],结果表明,补充HMB也有利于增强肌肉力量,而且可能有利于改善身体成分。在健康成年人规律运动早期,每天补充HMB能够增加运动的益处,改善身体成分[22]。而这一作用在老年人中也得到了证实,一项在老年人中开展的随机对照试验结果显示,在为期5周的力量训练过程中,每天补充HMB的老年人瘦体重增加和脂肪丢失百分比均显著高于安慰剂组[25]。一项随机对照试验表明,持续12周补充HMB联合抗阻训练可以有效减少健康老年男性腹部脂肪,而单纯补充HMB或仅进行抗阻训练均不能减少健康老年男性腹部脂肪[26]。久坐超重女性补充6周HMB,可以观察到这部分人群体重和腰围的改善,虽然其肌肉质量没有变化,但在没有锻炼的情况下补充HMB后肌肉力量仍有所增强[24]。


研究表明,补充HMB联合运动能有效改善身体成分,且在不同年龄与性别人群中均有效。然而,也有研究表明运动人群、老年人或肌肉消耗状态人群补充HMB所获得的肌肉保护效果在健康非锻炼人群中不会出现[10]。Nissen等[27]给予不锻炼的女性补充HMB,3 g/d,持续4周,其身体成分没有变化,但在另外相似的研究中,受试女性参加耐力训练后能观察到瘦体重增加和脂肪组织减少。此外,也有研究关注HMB在分解代谢状态下对肌肉组织的影响。一项交叉试验研究表明,在禁食诱导的分解代谢状态下,与同热量的碳水饮料或同氮量的大豆蛋白饮料相比,富含亮氨酸的乳清蛋白和含有HMB的大豆蛋白更能提高肌肉苯丙氨酸的净平衡,且亮氨酸能显著刺激肌肉中的mTOR信号通路,说明亮氨酸和HMB在机体分解代谢状态下具有保存蛋白质的作用[28]。但此作用是否适用于能量限制的减重患者仍有待进一步研究。


减重手术是目前公认的对于严重肥胖患者最有效的治疗措施,但减重手术后脂肪虽然减少,瘦体重和静息代谢率也会降低,这并不利于患者远期的体重保持。研究显示,腹腔镜下胃旁路手术后患者短期补充含HMB的补充剂,其瘦体重、静息代谢率等与对照组比较差异均无统计学意义,甚至还可能对术后血糖稳态和炎性反应产生负面影响[29,30]。


因此,对于减重手术后应用HMB作为营养强化剂的作用并不明确。目前,绝大多数研究以3 g/d作为常规HMB补充剂量,大约相当于补充60 g亮氨酸,但补充如此大剂量的亮氨酸可能影响其他支链氨基酸的代谢,导致缬氨酸和异亮氨酸消耗增加,可能进一步影响蛋白质代谢,因此HMB并不能被亮氨酸代替[10]。目前,HMB有两种剂型,分别为钙盐形式和胶质化的游离酸形式。研究表明,游离酸形式的HMB在血浆中聚集更快、浓度更高,因此能够提高组织的利用度[31],但也有研究表明钙盐形式的HMB生物利用度更高[32],未来需要更多的研究比较两种剂型的优劣。一些研究表明补充HMB的耐受性很好,且无不良反应[33,34]。但由于HMB能够刺激蛋白合成、抑制蛋白水解,可能会影响其他种类蛋白质从肌肉组织中释放,进而影响内脏组织利用氨基酸。另外,为健康久坐的大鼠补充HMB可能会导致其胰岛素敏感性受损,长期补充可能增加2型糖尿病患病风险[35]。


3 小结


目前,我国面临肥胖症患病率居高不下的严峻形势,而可持续性减脂尤其是在减脂的同时减轻瘦体重非常必要。关注肌肉减少性肥胖,在减重过程中重视对肌肉的保护,HMB可能是一种有希望的强化剂,其能够有效提高肌肉质量和肌肉力量,而且与运动联合的效果更好,但仍缺乏大规模的临床干预性研究[36]。因此需要开展更多研究确定其有效剂量和长期使用的不良反应[37]。另外,开展HMB与其他营养干预措施对于肌肉减少性肥胖的交互作用研究也非常必要。


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王雪, 陈伟. β-羟基-β-甲基丁酸盐在肌肉减少性肥胖中的应用进展[J]. 中国医学前沿杂志(电子版), 2019, 11(12): 10-13.



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