高考英语“十大考点路标”

熟悉篇章阅读的常设题处，有助于考生明确阅读重点，利用这些“路标”，迅速地找到正确答案，提高答题的速度和准确率。从笔者对2009-2013年历年5年的真题来看，读文章时同学们需特别留意“十大考点路标”。苏州新东方高中英语教研组将北京、上海、福建、江苏、浙江、湖北、山东、重庆、广东九个省市09-13年近五年的答案最常出题的地方进行统计，发现以下十处地方是考题常设之处：

1. 各段首末句

2. 转折处

3. 条件、因果、目的处

4. 中文翻译处

5. 特殊标点处

6. 列举处

7. 比较，对比处

8. 数字处

9. 长难句

10. 灭绝师太处

现笔者根据十大考点路标出现频率的高低，结合2009到2013年最新高考题逐一详解十大考点路标及其应对策略。

一、各段首尾句处

西方人习惯用总分总的演绎方式来写作：即文章一开始先提出自己的核心观点，然后具体一步步论证。笔者将这种写作方式概括成“倒立菱形结构”，如下图示：

即便具体到每个段落这样的微单元，也遵循这个“倒立菱形结构” ，即

因此，从以上2个菱形我们可以得出结论，一般文章的主题段往往出现在首末段。同理，段落的主题句出现在该段的首末句。

作为文章或者段落大意提纲挈领的概括，首末段和每段的首末句经常被作为高考阅读题设题的出处，而且大多是考查对文章或段落主旨的理解。

例1： 13山东卷B篇第二段

Many of Gershwin’s songs were first written for musical plays performed in theatres in New York City. These plays were a popular form of entertainment in the 1920s and 1930s. Many of his songs have remained popular as ever. Over the years they have been sung and played in every possible way — from jazz to country.

61. Many of Gershwin’s musical works were ________ .

A. written about New Yorkers

B. Composed for Paul Whiteman

C. played mainly in the countryside

D. performed in various ways

解析：选(D)。从本段最后一句话我们可以得出，Gershwin的作品以爵士或乡村音乐等各种各样的形式被演唱和弹奏，这点与我们D选项“他的音乐以各种方式被表演出来。”细细观察该段最后一句和D选项，我们会发现perform 与been sung and played是标准的同意替换，every possible way 与various ways也是标准的同意替换。 同意替换是我们在下一章讲细节题时的主要点。

二、转折处

作者常常会借用转折连词或副词来引出某项重要的事实或观点，转折词之后的内容往往表达的是作者写作的真实目的、观点或态度，而这又常常是文章中心关键所在，因此命题者会围绕这些地方出题。一般而言，作者常常借用转折连词来引出文章或段落的主旨大意。在表示转折关系的词中，however是阅读中引起语义或文义转折的常用连词，命题人常就该词后面的内容进行命题，but和yet出现在段首或一个理论或现象刚刚说完之后，表示语义出现重大转折，其后与其前的内容常常会有很大差别。

具体举例：通过竹子的介绍，佳佳和小文第一次见面。之后，竹子问小文对佳佳的第一印象怎么样? 小文回到说： Although Jiajia is a bit fat, she is beautiful. 请回答，小文对佳佳的第一影响怎样?

A. Jiajia is a bit fat. B. Jiajia is beautiful.

答案是B。重点仍然是强调漂亮， although其后句子Jiajia is a bit fat不重要，而She is beautiful 才是最重要。

例1：13年上海 C篇第二段

In some modern countries it has for some time been fashionable to think that by free education for all—one can solve all the problems of society and build a perfect nation.But we can already see that free education for all is not enough.We find in such countries a far larger number of people with university degree.They refuse to do what they think “low” work, and, in fact, work with hands is thought to be dirty and shameful in such countries. But we have only to think a moment to understand that the work of a completely uneducated farmer is far more important than that of a professor. We can live without education, but we die if we have no food.If no one cleaned our streets and took the rubbish away from our houses，we should get terrible diseases in our towns.

64. The writer of the passage thinks that ______________ .

A. education can settle most of the world’s problems

B. free education for all probably leads to a perfect world

C. free education won’t help to solve problems

D. all the social problems can’t be solved by education

解析：选(D)。从本段第二句But we can already see that free education for all is not enough可得出答案。but是转折处，其后内容应做注记。从这句话得知，免费的教育对于我们来说并不够，不能解决所有的问题，与D选项all the social problems can’t be solved by education，教育并不能解决所有的社会问题，意思是一致的，所以是D选项是正确答案。

常见的表示转折关系的连词或副词除了however, but, yet以外，还有 or，nevertheless, while ,though, although, at the same time等。另外值得注意的是， indeed, in fact, practically也常常用来表示前后语义的转折。所以同学们今后看到however, but, yet, nevertheless, indeed, in fact, practically, 重点关注其后的内容。而看到while, though, although等让步关系的标志词, 紧跟其后的句子不用关注，重点关注其主句部分。 这点在五大微读中我们会详细介绍，在此不再赘述。

　三、条件、因果、目的处

看到这个标题，同学们就要去想，为什么条件、因果、目的容易考? 其实，细心的同学不难发现，高考阅读的题目一般是有why, because, the purpose of something is to 这样的字眼;再者，表示条件、因果、目的的关系词诸多，比如表条件，除了if, unless之外，还有on condition that, provided that等，因为表示这三类关系的词多，所以可以形成很好的词与词之间的同意替换，比如2013年江苏卷的第66题题干arose from与原文第三段最后一句because of 的同意替换。下面我们通过题目具体证实。

例1：2013广东D篇第三段

In the battle against cheating, this is the cutting edge and a key to encourage honesty in the booming field of online education. The technology gives trust to the entire system, to the institution and to online education in general. Only with solid measures against cheating, experts say, can Internet universities show that their exams and diplomas are valid — that students haven’t just searched the Internet to get the right answers.

43.For Internet universities, exams and diplomas will be valid if _____.

A. they can attract potential students

B. they can defeat academic cheating

C. they offer students online help

D. they offer many online courses

解析：选(B)。由题干中出现的if我们可知此题考查条件。找回原文并没有发现诸如provided that, given that 一般的if 同义词，但是火眼晶晶的同学们会发现原文中第三句中的 “Only with solid measures against cheating, experts say, can Internet universities show that their exams and diplomas are valid ”，该句中有only with 引导的方式状语，我们细细想想，采取这种方式某事就会或者不会发生，是不是这个方式是该事发生或者不发生的促成剂或条件。即方式和条件其实是意义相近的。想通了这点，我们回到only with当句，该句意思是“专家说只有利用有效的抵制作弊的方式，能够使网络大学证实他们的考试及学历是有效的。 奇速英语快速提分套装里面明确指出回归选项和原文，我们会发现原文的solid measures against cheating, 与 B选项的 defeat academic cheating是同意替换，因此，B为正确答案。 常见的条件关系标志词有if / only if，unless ，as/so long as ，in case，given that，provided / considering that 等。常见的原因关系标志词有originate from ，arise from ，result from ，as a result of ，because of ，on account of ，due to ，owing to ，thanks to，lie in 等。 常见的目的关系标志词有不定式to do，in order to, so as to等。

希望同学们在看到这些标志词之后能对其后的内容做好标记，关于如何做标记，笔者会在此部分的最后1个章节详细介绍。

四、中文翻译处

有些生僻词学生可能不认识，但是这个生僻词又是文章的关键信息，为了便于各个学科背景的学生理解，命题者通常会给出这些关键信息词的中文注释，学生可以借助有限的通过中文，简单快速的了解到文章的主要信息和讨论的关键词。如2002年北京卷的D篇，讲英国大本钟的倾斜，文章给出4个中文注解：“倾斜(lean)，支撑(pop up)，水泥浆(grout)，稳定(stabilized)”。其实学生大概看到这4个中文注解就知道此文再说大本钟倾斜，要水泥浆去支撑以使其保持稳定。而在该文的4道题目中pop up 在题目中出现了3次，lean出现了7次。同学们，你说中文翻译重不重要呢?下面我们以10年江苏卷的C篇第三段为例和大家进一步证实。

例1：10年江苏C篇

PERSONAL EXEMPTIONS(免税)ON PURCHASES

AMERICANS RETURNING TO THE US

Less than 48 hours: $ 200 US

48 hours or more: $ 800 US duty-free personal exemption.

Next $ 1.000 US at 3%

Including up to 100 cigars and 100 cigarettes.

65. For an American citizen on a 2-day tour of Canada, how much tax does he have to pay on $ 1.600 US worth of purchases when returning to the US?

A. $ 24 US B. $ 48 US C. $52 US D. $ 200 US

解析：选(A)。假设此题在exemptions 处没有标注中文“免税” ，同学们又不认识划横线处的duty-free中的duty是税，duty-free是免税，请问你何以看得懂$800的商品是免税的? 有了exemption的中文翻译“免税”，你就清楚多了，原来$ 800 US duty-free personal exemption, Next $ 1.000 US at 3% 指的是$800商品是免税，超出的部分每1000美元征收3%的税，所以题干中的2天从加拿大返回美国，$1600中有$800不用征税，剩下的$800征收3%的税，所以总的税应是$800×3%=24$，就算duty-free是免税考生不认识，exemption免税的中文翻译也帮了考生很大的忙。

五、特殊标点处

在本网站上刊登出来的“左右逢源猜词义之五大法宝”一文中，我们已经提到标点符号的特殊作用和他们在阅读中的处理方式。笔者在此，再次帮大家回顾下问号、感叹号、星号和括号的功能，具体习题验证请看“九种标点符号的处理方式”。问号出现的三种情况应该引起大家重视：一是纯问号出现在首段，这时候大家要注意，该问号一般是设问句的标识，作者一般会自问自答，而回答通常出题。 二是问号出现在首段，其功能在于引出文章主题，以上两点大家可看2011年江西卷D篇的71、72题;三是问号出现在否定加疑问句，此时它表达的是一种肯定的含义，如2012年江苏卷A篇。 其次议论文中的感叹号表达的是作者强烈的情感，易出题。最后还有广告信息类(2008年上海卷B篇)中的括号和星号(2012年上海卷B篇)是对特殊注意点的注解和说明，也容易出题。

六、列举、举例与打比方处

举例，列举，打比方之所以容易考是因为他们能很好地论证作者的抽象观点，为了检验考生是不是能够通过具体例子或者打比方读懂作者抽象观点，命题者便瞄准了这些具体例子。再者，由于举例、例子出现出一般出现大量信息，而高考细节题的命题宗旨在于考察学生在错综复杂的信息中扫描出自己需要的有效信息(英文中我们叫scanning)，举例为scanning这一能力的考察提供了肥沃的土壤。最后，相信学生在做题过程中老 是遇见诸如：Which of the following is included EXCEPT /included in something, 这是典型考察举例，例子的标志词之一。

例1：广东省揭中2011届高三第一学期摸底考试改编

P2: Organized activities and homework push bedtimes later, the first large-scale Australian study of children's sleeping habits has shown. Their sleep deprivation (剥夺) is enough to cause “serious drop-offs in school performance, attention and memory”， and governments should consider later or flexible school start times, said the study's leader, Tim Olds.

P3: His survey, of more than 4，000 children aged 9 to 18, found those who slept least spent their time socializing (相处) with family or friends or listening to music.

The Australian students surveyed don't sleep enough because they spend more time on the following EXCEPT________.

A. enjoying music B. organized activities and homework

C. watching television programs D. communication with friends and family

解析：选(C)。这里要特别注意有1个单词EXCEPT, 根据题干中的don’t sleep enough, 与spend their time我们可以定位到第三段第一句。划横线部分有并列连词or 出现，为举例标识。在划横线部分，我们可以找到 “socializing (相处) with family or friends” 与 D. communication with friends and family同意替换;Listening to music 与A 选项的enjoy music 同意替换;B选项我们可以在P2的第一句话Organized activities and homework push bedtimes later可知，活动与家庭作业也占据了中学生很多时间，所以B也对，排除法下来C选项watching television programs, 不在列举之内。所以答案选C。

特别要叮嘱各位同学的是，列举、举例、打比方更多时候会考察他们所论证的道理，比如：

例1：2010 广东卷阅读B篇第二段

Winners are great at overcoming problems. For example, if you were late because your car broke down, maybe you need to have your car examined more regularly. Or, you might start to carry along with you the useful phone numbers, so you could call for help when in need. For another example, if your colleague causes you problems on the job for lack of responsibility or ability, find ways of dealing with his irresponsibility or inability rather than simply blame the person. Ask to work with a different person, or don’t rely on the person. You should accept that the person. Ask to work with a different person, or don’t rely on this person. You should accept that the person is not reliable and find creative ways to work successfully regardless of how your colleague fails to do his job well.

46. According to the passage, winners .

A. deal with problems rather than blame others

B. meet with fewer difficulties in their lives

C. have responsible and able colleagues

D. blame themselves rather that others

解析：选(A)。For example与for another example之后的举例都是为了论证总论点：Winners are great at overcoming problems即赢家更擅长克服问题，解决问题。overcome 与A选项的deal with 形成了标准的同意替换。

例2：2013广东B篇第一段

Some people think that success is only for those with talent or those who grow up in the right family, and others believe that success mostly comes down to luck. I’m not going to say luck, talent, and circumstances don’t come into play because they do .some people are born into the right family while others are born with great intelligence, and that’s just the reality of how life is.

31. Paragraph 1 mainly talks about ________.

A.the reasons for success

B.the meaning of success

C.the standards of success

D.the importance of success

解析：选(A)。本段列举有的人认为成功源于天赋;有的人认为成功源于家庭，有的人认为成功源于运气。这三个例子都是为了证明一个道理：成功的原因。所以正确答案为A。此处考察的正是举例论证的道理。

总之，考生在举例，列举，对比处，是关注举例本身还是其论证的论点要依据题目所问。这就涉及到阅读理解做题步骤的问题：是先看文章后看题目还是先看题目后看文章? 这个问题，笔者将在本网站的“全文阅读”一文中会为同学们见分晓。

　七、对比处、比较级

篇章阅读中，对比常常表现为新老观点的对比、错误与正确观念的对比，新事物与旧事物的对比等; 而这类文章的一般规律是作者列出一些陈旧或错误的观点，然后提出正确的观点对其反驳，因此，考生在回答这类题时要注意后面出现的新或正确观点。

比较则常常表现为两种或多种事物的优点、缺点、用途、功能、原理等特点的比较。

常见的表示对比或比较关系的词或短语有while, whereas, than, compared with ,in contrast to 等。解题时要留意这些词或短语，并注意对比及比较对象。

例1：2011广东卷阅读B篇第三段

What’s interesting is that both cats and dogs have appeared to develop their intelligence. They can learn how to read each other’s body signals, suggesting that the two may have more in common than we previously suspected. Once familiar with each other’s presence and body language, cats and dogs can play together, greet each other nose to nose, and enjoy sleeping together on the sofa. They can easily share the same water bowl and in some cases groom (梳理) each other.

34.It is suggested in Paragraph 4 that cats and dogs ______.

A. have common interests B. are less different than was thought

C. have a common body language D. are less intelligent than was expected

解析：选(B)。根据第三段第二句“suggesting that the two may have more in common than we previously suspected.”这里出现了比较级的标志词than，可以知道二者存在比较关系，在答案B和D 之间选一个。 根据上句翻译 “两者(猫与狗)之间存在的共同点要比我们之前预想的要多”，确定正确答案是B, 其中B项中的less different 与原文中的more in common 形成了同意替换， was thought 与原文的previously suspected 形成了同意替换。

例2：2013福建C篇最后一段

For fastest service, call toll-free 24 hours a day

1-888-201-7143

66. The ad strongly encourages people to purchase the silver coins by ____.

A. shopping online B. making a phone call C. lining up in front of the stores D. writing to the company

解析：选(B)。当同学们看到fastest这样的字眼，应极其敏感，因为它与题干中的strongly 在感情色彩上属于强烈范畴。这点我们在“熟能生巧解题型”中的作者态度题中我们会详细分析到：形容词、副词、动词三种词承载感情。且此题B项的make a phone call 与原文的call形成了同意替换。

八、时间、数字处

同学们经常发现有很多题目是以when ,how many, how much等命题的，这时考官在告诉你：要去原文搜寻时间、数字在的地方。并且这种情况经常结合简单的数学运算一起考。不过，考生也不必担心，因为数字比较醒目，方便定位。此时更需要留意的是时间，人物，数字之间的对应，并留心计算。

例1：2009 全国卷2阅读B篇第三段

Overall, times are changing in the American home. In 1976, women busied themselves with 26 weekly hours of sweeping-and-dusting work, compared with 17 hours in 2005. Men are taking on more housework, more than doubling their housework hours from six in 1976 to 13 in 2005.

46. How many hours of housework did men do every week in the 1970s?

A. About 23. B. About 26. C. About 13. D. About 6.

解析：选(D)。本题要定位好时间， 题干中的1970s 与原文中的1976年相对应，再根据另外一个定位词men,找到最后一句话中的from six in 1976, 由此直接确定答案为D。

我们在讲第五大考点路标：特殊标点处时，我们讲到了广告信息类文章中的括号和星号，如以下两题：

例1：2010 新课标阅读A篇

56. How much is the admission for a family of two grown-ups and two children?

A. £9. 80 B. £12. 00 C. £14. 20 D. £16. 40

解析：选(B)。如果考生能注意到括号里 2 adults up to 3 children这一说明语，并知道括号里up to 这个短语的中文含义，它表示“一直到”，也就是2个成人带0到3个小孩便可算做家庭套餐。于是，题干中两个成人和两个小孩可以使用家庭套餐里，正好£12. 00，不需要单独计算。所以广告信息类的括号和星号等特殊说明处一定要多加注意。 除了括号和星号，note 后面的内容也要注意，如例2。

例2：2013福建C篇

Offer Limited to 40 per household 2012 American Silver Eagle Coin

Your cost

1-4 Coins $38.95 each s/h

5-9 Coins $38.45 each s/h

10-19 Coins $37. 95 each s/h

20-40 Coins $37.45 each s/h

Note: $10 s/h (shipping and handling) for each purchase

65. If you buy six 2012 U. S. Mint Silver Eagles by post, you should pay at least ____.

A. $230.7 B. $233.7 C. $240.7 D. $243.7

解析：选(C)。38.45*6 10=240.7, 不要忘记Note后面的$ 10s/h (shipping and handling) for each purchase，即每笔交易另加10美元，即38.45*6 10=240.7

九、长难句处

在本网站之前刊登的“攻克长难句两步走”一文中，我们提到了长难句的2种包装形式及攻克长难句两步走。高考毕竟是有区分度的考试，容易题：中等题：难题的比例是5:3:2。 为了选拔出英语功底较好的考生，长难句自然成了难题来源的最佳选择。在此，笔者叮嘱：长难句考到，就按照攻克长难句两步走来处理：1.先抓主谓宾，再抓定状补; 2.层层理清各层关系，即理清修饰成分修饰哪个主语，哪个谓语，哪个宾语。 具体实例请参照“攻克长难句阅读二步走”一文。

十、“灭绝师太”处

所谓灭绝师太，是指一件事情或者一个事物下了绝对化的定义，并且不容许有任何质疑和辩驳。由于这类词汇说得非常斩钉截铁并且较武断，属于文章极端处，比较醒目，自然而然成了考官的青睐考点。根据我们苏州新东方对09-13年全国各地各套试题整理，我们发现以下词汇在高考阅读当中以常见的灭绝师太出现，且在阅读中容易出题，如：

形容词系列：Impossible, 形容词、副词最高级

副词系列：The only, the sole, the most, always, constantly, continuously, totally, extremely, completely

动词系列：Stop, ban, forbid, prohibit

代词系列：None / any /everything / nothing

例1：2013年江苏省阅读理解A篇

Guest Services

Front Gate Guest Services can help you with anything from finding out what time your favorite show starts to purchasing tickets. The Guest Services location inside Front Gate also serves as a message center, lost children’s area and lost and found. Canada’s Wonderland does not offer personalized public paging (传呼).

Food & Drink Options

Shops are located throughout Canada’s Wonderland. Picnic baskets and coolers are welcome at the shelter located outside Wonderland on the north side of our Front Gate. Outside food and drinks are not allowed in the park. Bottled water may be brought into the Park.

ATMs

ATMs are located just inside the Park beside Stroller, Locker and Wheelchair Rentals at the Front Gate, as well as KidZville (beside Guest Services), Splash Works (two locations), and outside Thunder Run.

Pet Care

A pet care facility is located outside our Front Gate on the south side for a daily fee. Water and air-conditioned shelters are provided. Guests are asked to provide food and exercise.

First Aid

If you need medical assistance, tell any park employee who will call First Aid and have them come to your location.

Stroller, Locker and Wheelchair Rentals

Stroller, locker and wheelchair rentals are available inside the Park at the Front Gate, beside Thrills Are Wonderland.

HIQ Smoking Policy

Smoking is not permitted while riding or standing in line for rides or in any of the children’s areas or the Water Park. Smoking is permitted in designated (指定的) areas only. Failure to observe all Park rules could result in being driven out of the Park without refund.

57. A visitor to the Park can ______.

A. rent a stroller outside Front Gate B. ask for first aid by Thunder Run

C. smoke in the Water Park D. leave his pet at KidZville

解析：选(B)。根据B选项的first aid我们可以定位回原文第四小点First Aid,细读tell any park employee who will call First Aid and have them come to your location,一句我们可以看出“在停车场的任何位置我们可以叫任何人来急救。相比A、C、D选项，我们发现any 的出现让B选项的限制条件远比A、C、D宽松。 据此，我们可以推断灭绝师太词汇的出现可以扩大信息的包容度，这也是它备受考官青睐的原因之一。

遇到十大考点路标，要学会在文章中快速做标记，帮助你快速定位回原文。同学们可以尝试建立自己的标记库，以提醒自己每个考点在全文的出处。笔者现推荐一些符号标记方法，希望同学们能适当借鉴。当然，笔者更推荐考生能够自己独创自己的符号这样考场上运用起来会更自如。

以上十大路标，就是答案常出处，而且十大路标交集越多，越容易考。同学们可以利用上面介绍的考点，做好标记，作为"路标"，迅速地指引自己找到正确答案;同时亦可作为命题规律，检查自己所选答案的正确性。有的考生做题很快，其中一个本质的原因在于他对考点非常敏感，见到"路标"就能预见考题，尤其是下一篇文章中我们讲细节题时会讲到根据定位词找回原文， 十大考点路标能够帮助考生特别方便地在茫茫词海中方便地定位到我们需要的原句。最后希望同学们灵活应用十大考点路标，对常考点勤做标记，坚持下来，十大考点路标定能在考场中助大家一臂之力!