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石油天然气开采装备复杂度(中国石油开采难度大)

(1.南开大学经济与社会发展研究院, 天津


1.基于全国层面的出口品国内技术复杂度测算结果及其分析


样本期间内中国资源型行业的国内技术复杂度均值总体上呈现出较为平稳的变化趋势。其中,煤炭采选业、金属矿采选业及石油和天然气开采业的国内技术复杂度在样本期间内呈现出微弱增长的变化趋势;而非金属矿采选业的国内技术复杂度在样本期间内则呈现出相对更为明显的增长态势。由于对核心技术的要求较低且生产环节分离的难度较大,这使得资源型行业融入国际垂直专业化分工体系的程度相对较低,不需要从发达国家进口大量的中间投入品,因而中国资源型行业出口商品的全部技术复杂度与国内技术复杂度之间差距扩大的幅度相对较小。


的进口中间投入品价值,进而分别从全国、产业及地区三个层面对2002-2011年期间中国工业制成品出口的国内技术复杂度进行了相对更为准确的测算和分析。研究结果表明:通过参与国际产品内分工,中国出口品国内技术复杂度总体上呈现出稳步提升态势,但国内技术复杂度变化呈现出明显的行业差异性和区域差异性,具体表现为:


第一,随着出口贸易规模的快速扩大,中国工业制成品出口的国内技术复杂度(DTS)总体上呈现出稳步增长的态势,但其与出口商品全部技术复杂度(WTS)之间的差距呈现出逐步扩大的趋势。这表明,剔除进口中间投入品价值之后的中国出口商品技术复杂度并没有达到Rodrik(2006)等学者所测算的异常高值,究其原因在于Rodrik(2006)等学者是以出口贸易总量统计数据为基础来计算中国出口商品技术复杂度的,其忽视了加工组装贸易过程中从国外进口的大量中间投入品价值,从而在一定程度上夸大了中国出口贸易的技术结构和技术含量,导致了中国的贸易比较优势发生显著改变的“统计假象”。


第二,样本期间内中国工业制成品出口的国内技术复杂度(DTS)变化呈现出明显的行业异质性。具体而言,资源型行业的国内技术复杂度总体上呈现出较为平稳的变化趋势;除了受金融危机影响在2008年之后出现一定程度的下降之外,低技术行业和中技术行业的国内技术复杂度总体上均呈现出不同程度的快速增长;交通运输设备制造业、通用及专业设备制造业、电气机械及器材制造业等高技术行业的国内技术复杂度总体上呈现出较快增长的变化趋势,而中国近年来一直重点发展的电子及通信设备制造业、仪器仪表及其他计量器具制造业等高技术产业的国内技术复杂度则呈现出不同程度的下降趋势。


第三,中国工业制成品出口的国内技术复杂度表现出较为明显的区域性特征。除了受全球金融危机影响在2008年之后出现一定程度的下降之外,样本期间内中国各省份工业制成品出口的国内技术复杂度(DTS)总体上均呈现出不同程度的增长趋势,但其与出口品全部技术复杂度(WTS)之间的差距呈现出逐步扩大的态势,这就从地区层面验证了全国层面两者之间差距逐步扩大的研究结论。进一步来看,出口品国内技术复杂度均值较高的省份主要位于东部沿海地区,而其增幅较大的省份则主要位于中西部内陆地区;东中西部三大地区工业制成品出口的国内技术复杂度与全部技术复杂度之间的差距均呈现出逐步扩大的态势,而出口品国内技术复杂度(DTS)在三大地区之间的差距呈现出逐步收敛的趋势。


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